明法第四十六

Original Text

区言二 所谓治国者主道明也【主道明则公法明故国治】所谓乱国者臣术胜也【臣术胜则私事立故国乱】夫尊君卑臣非计亲也以埶胜也【令尊君卑臣者其计非欲使亲君也但令君埶其胜也】百官识非惠也刑罚必也【必令百官识非公之惠而不敢受又知刑罚必行无妄求免罪也】故君臣共道则乱【臣行君事故曰共道】专授则失【若君有所授与不合众心而专之亦为失也】夫国有四亡令求不出谓之灭【求不出令则下无所禀故灭】出而道留谓之拥【中道而留止故曰拥】下情求不上通谓之塞【求不上通则与君隔絶故曰塞也】下情上而道止谓之侵【下情虽欲上通中道为左右所止此则臣侵上事也】故夫灭侵塞拥之所生从法之不立也是故先王之治国也不淫意于法之外【淫游也】不为惠于法之内也【不屈法以成私惠也】动无非法者所以禁过而外私也【外遗也】威不两错【臣行君威为两置】政不二门【臣出政是为二门也】以法治国则举错而已【言能以法理国但举而置之无不行】是故有法度之制者不可巧以诈伪【非法度不听则诈伪何施】有权衡之称者不可欺以轻重【以权衡称之轻重立见也】有防丈之数者不可差以长短今主释法以誉进能则臣离上而下比周矣【比周于下所以求誉】以党举官则民务交而不求用矣【交合则自进官何须求用】是故官之失其治也是人主以誉为赏以毁为罚也【以毁誉为赏罚则官自然失理】然则喜赏恶罚之人离公道而行私术矣【行私术自然得赏安用就公道而求乎】比周以相为匿是【比周者凡有公是之事皆匿而不行也】忘主死交以进其誉故交众者誉多【为交友致死其誉自进】外内朋党虽有大奸其蔽主多矣是以忠臣死于非罪【朋党共毁之故忠臣非罪而死】而邪臣起于非功【朋党共誉之故邪臣非功而起】所死者非罪所起者非功也然则为人臣者重私而轻公矣【私则得利公而致祸故重私而轻公矣】十至私人之门【私人之门谓所与交私为朋党者也】不一至于庭【谓之君庭】百虑其家不一图国【重私轻公故也】属数虽众非以尊君也【所属之数虽曰众多无不党私故非尊君也】百官虽具非以任国也【各务私故不任国事】此之谓国无人国无人者非朝臣之衰也家与家务于相益不务尊君也大臣务相贵而不任国小臣持禄养交不以官为事故官失其能【官各失能则与无人同也】是故先王之治国也使法择人不自举也使法量功不自度也【设法者自着择人量功之条故不劳自举度也】故能匿而不可蔽【茍有材能则法自举之不可隐蔽也】败而不可饰也【无功而败法自量之故不可虚饰也】誉者不能进【无材虽誉之而不能进也】而诽者不能退也【有功虽诽之而不能退也】然则君臣之间明别【谓贤不肖有功者各明白而分别也】明别则易治也【明别则无伪滥故易治也】主虽不身下为【谓不身为其亊】而守法为之可也【但守法则法自为之不劳身也】

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References

| Layer | Source | License | | --- | --- | --- | | Original Text (Hán văn) | daizhigev20 子藏/法家/管子.txt | PD-old | | English excerpts (nếu có) | The Bronze Mirror | CC BY-SA 4.0 |

Chi tiết: [sources/ATTRIBUTION.md](../sources/ATTRIBUTION.md).